Colorado Crew : Denvoid Part 2 Book

OUT NOW!

Colorado Crew: Denvoid Part 2
A Collection of Tales & Images from
The Colorado Punk Scene 1988-1996
Authors: Bob Rob Medina & Sonny Kay
Book Cover: Chris Shary
Forward: Jason Heller
ISBN: 978-1-7923-2129-0
Pages: 322
Full-color
Robot Enemy Books 
Order here: https://bobrobart.bigcartel.com. 
If you are in the Denver area, the book is also available at: Wax Trax, Kilgore Books, Twist & Shout, Mutiny Information Cafe, FashioNation, Tattered Cover,  Chain Reaction Records, Black and Read (Arvada) Bart's Records (Boulder), Albums on the Hill (Boulder), Trident Books (Boulder), and Red Letter Books (Boulder). 
Also available through: Amazon, Microcosm Publishing, Lunchbox Records (NC)

A follow-up to Bob Rob Medina's Denvoid and the Cowtown Punks, Colorado Crew : Denvoid Part 2 enlists Sonny Kay's talents to create a visual odyssey of images and interviews featuring bands, record labels, artists, writers, entrepreneurs, academics, photographers, promoters, Grammy nominees, culture jammers, and media influencers.

Inside you’ll find: Warlock Pinchers, Matt Bischoff (Fluid/’57 Lesbian), Tom Headbanger (Temple ov Psychick Youth/promoter), Chris Shary (artist/Pilot Car/Sizewell), Rich Jacobs (artist/Keep In Mind/Atomic Dilemma/Skate Edge fanzine and records), Sonny Kay (The VSS/Angel Hair/GSL Records), Jon Snodgrass (Armchair Martian/Drag the River) Atiba Jefferson (photographer), Scooter James (Pinhead Circus), Jason Heller (Crestfallen/The Blue Ontario/author), Mark Brooks (Warlock Pinchers/Foreskin 500/writer/director), Eric Richter (Christie Front Drive/Lilawatt/Turn*Key), Mike Jourgenson (Abdomen/DU Records/Spinal Jaundice fanzine), Chrissy Piper (Photographer), Julie Peasley (artist/Cavity/entrepreneur), Pete Lyman (Junkdrawer/JUHL/Grammy Award winner), Tim Nakari & Hans Buenning (Small Dog Frenzy), Matt Jacobson (Psychotic Society/Relapse Records), Kurt Ottaway (Twice Wilted), Andy Lefton (Flux of Disorder/Tau Cross/writer/director), Andy Monley (Jux Country/Acid Ranch), Dan Berger (Meanface/Hell’s Half Acre), Chanin Floyd (Twice Wilted/ Spell/’57Lesbian), Bryan Wendzel (Acid Pigs/Hell’s Half Acre/Mudstack/Disobedience fanzine), Ely Morgan (Sadplant/Novice/Manta Ray), Dave Clifford (Again!/The VSS), Jared Poley (Again!/Titanic Records), Andy Falconetti (Sissy Fuzz/Breezy Porticos), Richard Groskopf (Boss 302), Julia McClurg (The Hectics/Diagnosis fanzine), Paul Drake (promoter/photographer/roadie), Brian Hull (Atomic Dilemma), Ian O’Dougherty (Uphollow/Fauxgazi), Jack Suter (Acid Pigs), Paul & Pam Italiano (FashioNation),  Dan Kapelovitz & Dan Kaufman (Grime Priest/Psychick Sooshee), Mike Jacoby (Normal Kids/39 Lies), Johnny Seven (Crestfallen/Seven Lucky Records), Josh & Justin Lent (FIA, Clusterfux/Chain Reaction Records), Keith Curts (Junkdrawer, Llamas NoVa/Echo Beds), Dave Paco (Eleventh Hour/FOUR!/The Messyhairs/Paco Garden Records), Andrew Murphy (Smooch Records), Paul Kane (Freewill Records/Double Entendre Records), Rich Myers (Bunny Genghis), Tony Roffe (Innocent Addiction), Tony Greenberg (Grimace), Kevin Savoy (Wrong Approach, Kingpin, Denver chef), Tim Beckman (Dogbite/Spell), Ted Thacker (Baldo Rex/Veronica), Patricia Kavanaugh (Harriet The Spy/Llamas NoVa/artist), April Soll (Social Joke), Vanessa Merten Holzkncht (Vex/Infinite Onion), Bob Rob Medina (Donut Crew Records/Savalas/Junkdrawer/promoter), Belljar, Choosey Mothers, Dead Silence, Blistering Body Pus, Aberant, Linus, T Tauri, Cold Crank..and just about everyone else who contributed to Colorado’s vibrant music scene from 1988-96. 

The book also comes with a soundtrack: 
Colorado Crew : Denvoid Part 2 Compilation Album
Featuring 76 bands and 78 tracks.
Download by clicking here

Track List:

Abdomen: Gun Club Road 2:01      

Aberant: Song 1  2:36                     

Acid Pigs: Swallow My Pride 2:52  

Acid Ranch: Simon's Halo 2:13       

Again: Wait The Turn 2:26             

Angel Hair: New Rocket 3:00          

Armchair Martian: Breaking Down Again 2:32                            

Atomic Dilemma: Scars 3:05                       

Baldo Rex: I'm OK, I Can Drive 2:08          

Belljar: On Hemophilia 3:43           

Blistering Body Pus Meaning of Life (Live_91) 2:41                    

Boss 302: Whatever Happened to Fun 2:35        

Bunny Genghis: Ham Driver 3:58                          

Choosey Mothers: Magazine 2:32              

Christie Front Drive: Turn 4:06                             

Clusterfux: Letter to the Press 1:23                                  

Cold Crank: Call It What You Want 2:17               

The Creeps: Ticketed 1:41              

Crestfallen: Three Feet Down 3:45                        

Dead Silence: Faith River 1:34                               

Deadstate: Outraged 1:00                           

Distance: Consentrate 2:24                        

Eco Guerrillas: Plodding 3:09                                 

ELAN: Mudsocket 4:06                                

End of Story: The Winter 4:13                               

Expatriate: Sometimes Love Is Fucking Stupid 1:53                    

FIA (Fuck It All): Unite & Fight 1:08                                  

First Class Chokers: Never Go Back 2:17                           

The Fluid: Cold Outside 3:18                      

Flux Of Disorder: NMTB 2:17                     

Four!: Bad Situation 1:09                

Grimace: Burned 3:16                     

Grime Priest: Ian 2:21                     

The Hectics: Bathmat 2:52                          

Hell's Half Acre: Bed 'o Needles 2:15                     

Hobbledehoy: Grommits 3:00                    

Hop'd: Nifty Idea 2:27                     

Human Head Transplant: Land O' Lies 4:54                    

Innocent Addiction: Road Rash 1:35                                 

IZ: Pinball Brain Node 3:30            

Junkdrawer: Knew You (Live at the Ogden 1995) 8:01             

Jux County: Zombie Afterlife 6:24                         

Keep In Mind: Instrumental (Live at the Aztlan 1990) 3:54                           

Llamas NoVa: No Name (Live at the Fox Theater) 3:24                        

Meanface: King of Hell 2:15                                   

New Breed: System 2:05                             

Nine Twenty Nine (9:29): Black is White 2:26                 

Normal Kids: Normal Kid 2:22                               

Old Bull's Needle: Garbage Man 3:11                                

Pilot Car: Mister Manero 2:25                                

Pinhead Circus: So Why Do You Like Me Now 2:36                     

Psychick Sooshee: Hare Fishna 3:54                                  

Psychotic Society: War Machine / Bleeding Contrast 1:37                     

Reform Control: Qs 1:37                 

Rotoflo (pre Savalas): Track 04 3:12                     

The Sauce: Turtle Buzz 4:08                       

Savalas: First  3:27   

Short Fuse: Death Mobile 1:38       

Sissy Fuzz: Don't Fear (The Reverb) 3:02             

Sizewell: Any Other Name 3:01                              

Small Dog Frenzy: Bigtime Sunshine 2:36            

The Snatchers: So Far Away 3:21              

Soak: Foul Child 4:27                                   

Southpaw: Commentary On The Isagoge of Porphyry 4:01                   

Spell: Seems To Me 3:21                             

Spell: I Am A Meteor (unreleased bonus track) 4:26                     

Suede Fruit: Eyes Of A Blue Dog 1:44                     

T Tauri: Ephemeralysis 1:48                                  

Turn*Key: Two 4:03            

Twice Wilted: Twice The Life 4:28             

Uphollow: Evolution 4:09               

Velcro Overdose: Guilty 1:05                      

The VSS: Death Scene 1:53                         

Warlock Pinchers: Introducing Ourselves 5:57                

World Gone Mad: Over My Head 4:57                  

Wrong Approach: Eclipse 2:47       

'57 Lesbian: Keith Black's Mummy 2:23   

'57 Lesbian:Aloha Moose and Squirrel (unreleased bonus track) 3:30  

Denvoid 2: Keith Curts (Echo Beds, Fauxgazi, Junkdrawer, Subpoena The Past, Glass Hits)

Denvoid and the Cowtown Punks Volume 2: The Colorado Crew is coming out this year. Really it is. Sonny Kay and I have been slowly chipping away at it over the past 3-4 years. The problem is that this is a hobby and often takes a backseat to our jobs and families. On my end, living in Alexandria, Egypt makes calling folks across the pond tricky. Additionally, I'm in the process of relocating to Abu Dhabi for work; there are plenty of balls in motion. 

I'm obsessed with this project and feel lucky when I'm able to set aside chunks of time towards completing it even if it entails transcribing interviews in the front seat of a car on the way to Cairo. My bigger problem is that I want to include everyone and don't know when to stop. Typically, I interview one person and usually go, "Ohh, I should also interview this other person" and it avalanches from there. So here we are. forty plus interviews later and we're STILL hunting down the last couple of folks. As the project has expanded beyond the initial vision, it will easily overshadow the first Denvoid book in its massiveness (and star power) not to mention tons of artwork, photographs, flyers, etc. Unfortunately, not every band from that period (1988-1996) will be interviewed, but we are being conscious to include them in one form or another.

Q: When will Denvoid 2 be reseased?
A: Mid-December 2019. Not the ideal time, but it's the time I can get away from Abu Dhabi. We are contacting people to try and make this a special release. Ideally, we like to devote a weekend to this event with bands playing at different venues around Denver. My goal will be to release excerpts of interviews each week until the book release.

This first installment features Keith Curts. I've had the pleasure to play music with Keith from 1994-96 with both Junkdrawer and Llamas NoVa. When I met Keith in 1992 he was just starting out, I had seen his first band, So Far Gone play. The band was young, but everyone involved had an intense energy to them...although their set was technically sloppy, it was played with passion and sincerity and that's what mattered. They were heavily influenced by the DC sound that had pretty much infected every corner of the country - even in Longmont where So Far Gone was hatched from.

Keith's next band, Junkdrawer made room for me after I returned from living a year in Birmingham, Alabama. We played out often and even survived a three-week summer tour of the southwest and west coast. After Junkdrawer called it quits: Keith, along with Patricia Kavanaugh (Harriet The Spy), Sean Watson (Savalas drummer #3), Mark Bradin (Savalas drummer #2) and I  didn't waste any time in forming Llama NoVa. It should be noted that Tim Nakari (Small Dog Frenzy) played in the second incarnation of Llamas NoVa.

In 1996 Keith left Colorado for the bay area and played in a few band there including Subpoena The Past with Sonny. Upon his return a decade later he played in: Glass Hits, Fauxgazi (A Fugazi cover band that went on tour - check out the documentary here and of course his latest project Echo Beds.

Keith caught the playing music bug early and never stopped. He had always pushed himself to learn and grow in his endeavors. Always humble, approachable, and easy to strike-up a conversation with. Enjoy the excerpts of the interview.

Interviewed by Bob Rob (Medina)

Brush and ink drawing after a photograph from Jeff Davis

What did that whole Longmont scene look like to you?

There was our band and New Breed who was Andy Lefton on Bass, Jared Allen on guitar, Matt Sandau sang, and Mike McNaughton on drums. Mike eventually ended up in Linus. There was also a crossover metal band kinda like DRI, called Salacious Crumb. This guy Nick played with them and Jason Barlowe. Jason ended up playing bass in Linus. So there was this thread throughout the Longmont scene. There was another band with Mark Risius and Andy Brazycki and a couple of other people, they would go through different names changes, Fahrenheit 451 was one of their names at one point. There was also Caste who was Will Welty, Dan Parris, Pete Lyman along with Mike McNaughton. Mike and I went to high school together and he was the first one who turned me on to things like Godflesh and Nitzer Ebb. You know, I remember in 9th grade I was getting turned on to so many different things and it kind of kept going. Then you have this moment trying to figure out your music identity; Am I a new waver? Am I a punk rocker? You don't realize it's all under the same umbrella. Then you start putting it all together, like Godflesh is kind of a punk band, kind of an industrial band, kind of a metal band...

The few of us would take a bus into Boulder to catch a Savalas shows. We'd see people from Dead Silence walking around and that was weird because we were from this little podunk town and Boulder seemed like it was so much more grown-up because it had more of a scene. We looked-up to that. Seeing some of those bands were life changing, to get to experience Savalas, Belljar, Dig, Small Dog Frenzy… That was out big city experience. (laughs)

What was So Far Gone's first show? When did you guys actually start playing?

We would play in Jeb's dad's garage or like my parent’s basement when they went out of town and my step brother wasn't home. We’d play in other people's living rooms. I remember playing a show at a grange hall in Lafayette. The Offspring and G’rups played there at one point. We had local shows there too. We weren't a good band. At least I felt like I wasn't a good part of that band. (laughs). It was the thought that counted.

I remember Brian Gathy and I liking So Far Gone at the ballet studio show in Boulder.

Oh yeah! We did play that show because it was recorded! We played with Belljar and Dig. It was Dig's last show because their guitarist, Ken Smallwood was moving back to the East Coast. I vividly remember Brian Gathy smashing his bass into pieces, like splinters because he was so distraught that the band was ending. Later, I got to know Brian and understood that was how he was... I had never experienced anything like that before. I had never witnessed that kind of emotion that connected with music. I didn't get to see bands like Rites of Spring. I know Brian did since he was from DC. Watching Brian that night, I just connected with that. And Belljar’s set - Grant Gutherie just fucking wailing. That was an amazing time.

Like with So Far Gone, we didn't know what we were doing. We didn't do it long enough to actually get good at it. It wasn't like you listen to a bunch of records and then try to figure out how to play like that. We just played. There was no artifice and no roadmap. Dan turned me on to a lot of the Dischord stuff, “emo stuff” that just rang a bell with me. I immediately became inspired by all that stuff, but I couldn't play like that. We just all started playing. Andy Rothbard and Jeb had been friends forever, there were like fifteen when we started the band, I was 17, and Dan was 19. It really was a collaboration, a sum of its parts where everyone came in with something different. It was like creation for creation sake. That was it, it was really liberating to just play. The beauty of youth, not yet looking through the microscope.

Reflecting back on the on that show at the ballet studio, it's funny how some people had that “holy shit” moment seeing Brian smash his bass. I saw the appeal of witnessing someone shattering an instrument because they were consumed by the moment. I can tell you for certain that Sonny and I had a different “holy shit” moment as in, "Fuck, Savalas is about to head out on a three-week tour AND fucking Brian just smashed his bass. You know, we were like, “What an asshole.” (laughs)

Savalas was really good, you guys were older and knew how to play your instruments. You played shows, toured, had shirts with Chris Shary's artwork! If Chris Shary is doing you artwork that really meant something...Take this as a compliment, because it is, I never met anyone with tattoos before (laughs). Seriously, we looked up to you guys. We were like, "These guys know what's up." We're just fumbling around in the dark over here and that's fine because I'm seventeen and I'm allowed to do that. So I get it that you and Sonny were being practical while we were looking at Brian in awe. 

------

 

I don't remember if we played after the Shudder To Think show. I didn't know if the recording was before or after the Shudder show, but I think that was it for the band.

So we have to talk a little bit about that too. At least just touch on it. There was a weird backlash between what was punk and what wasn't. That was a strain for our band, it wasn't like we were careering or on the fast track. It was around that time that some punk bands were getting picked up by bigger labels like Shudder To Think, Samiam...

And that Shudder To Think show was being boycotted by some of our friends because it wasn't punk enough!? It wasn't a punk show?  Huh, that really like confused me. I thought what we were doing was a punk band. The fact that we did it ourselves and didn't rely on anyone else. We wrote everything ourselves. You booked everything pretty much. It was all us, but that somehow wasn't punk enough. It kind of was a kick in the nuts, you know.

It was disheartening and reflecting back on it, it was petty. The whole DIY thing got really out of control, it was like the absurdity in the DIY culture that the TV show, Portlandia lampoons. When did punk start having rules, that's kind of an oxymoron. Who gives a shit if we played a $7 show?  

It became a very dogmatic thing.

Llamas NoVa 
Photo: Jeff Davis

Colorado Krew 2 update and more!

Sorry for the long absence, here's an update on our new project(s): 

Denvoid 2-The Colorado Krew: Tales From the Colorado Punk Scene 1988-96. Longtime friend/former bandmate/roommate, Sonny Kay will co-author and bring in his insights and role in the scene. We've been feverishly slaving away collecting materials, interviewing people, and making the artwork for it. We will be releasing bits and pieces every week. Also, we've been working with History Colorado Center about having our book release event there (with live music?) in late 2018 as they gear up for their awesome Colorado Music History exhibit in 2019. Exciting times are on the horizon.

In the meantime, I will be traveling to Denver to talk to a class at DU on Colorado Punk and hosting a panel discussion at Mutiny Information Cafe, 2 South Broadway, Denver on October 26 at 7:30 pm with: 

Jill “Razer” Mustoffa (promoter) 

Arnie Beckman (Choosey Mothers) 

Andrew Novick (Warlock Pinchers)

Jason Heller (Crestfallen/music writer)

Tom Murphy (former Westword music columnist)

Speaking of books. Robot Enemy shows no signs of slowing down. You can still order Denvoid and the Cowtown Punks and Sonny's book, Headspaces by clicking here.

Sonny Kay is a graphic artist and illustrator, punk rock vocalist (Angel Hair, The VSS, Year Future), record label founder (Gold Standard Laboratories), and underground music icon. Beginning in the early nineties, his cut-and-paste flyer making gradually evolved into designing album covers, and by 2007 he was mastering a graphic technique all his own, crafting seamless, painting-like collages, often on behalf of some of the most colorful names in rock music, such as: THE MARS VOLTA, THE LOCUST, RX BANDITS, THE GLITCH MOB, AND SO I WATCH YOU FROM AFAR and 311, to name a few. Ranging from the provocative to the surreal to the incomprehensible, Kay's work is true to his anti-authoritarian nature while often exploring themes of higher consciousness, multi-dimensionality, and so on. HEADSPACES is the first book of his work. Packed with nearly 200 images, it's an exhaustive collection of high-definition, mind-bending collage art new and old, featuring many previously unpublished works, and of course, covers to a lot of albums.  

In October, Robot Enemy will be releasing Patterns of Reconciliation by Matt Mauldin.

Matt Mauldin is a poet living in Santa Barbara, CA, originally from Atlanta, GA. He was involved for many years in Atlanta’s underground rock scene as singer and lyricist for the bands Car vs Driver, Chocolate Kiss and Sonn Av Krusher. His first anthology, Patterns of Reconciliation, is comprised of select poems written between 1993 and 2017, and is organized around themes such as coming-of-age, trauma, love, mourning, depression, anxiety, relationships, enlightenment, social commentary and spirituality. 

Denvoid's Release party

October 6-11 was one heck of a ride. Just for the record, October 6^th is Armed Forces day in Egypt. It was also this day I started my journey back to Denver for the release of Denvoid and the Cowtown Punks via a train ride from Alexandria to Cairo.

I asked the hotel for a 4:30 am wake-up call. Thirty minutes later I was pulling a suitcase through the neighborhood of the Zamalek desperately hunting down a taxi. Ten minutes into my search I caught a cabbie napping in the front seat parked on lone and desolate street. With a couple of respectful but firm taps on his window he was jolted up from his reclined driver’s seat.

“Fil Airport” (To the airport?)

“Ay-wa” (Yes)

“Bit Qam?” (How much?)

“120”

La’ 100 (No, 100)

Ty-ebb. (Okay)

By 6 am I was filling out an exit card and going through customs and security.

When you fly in from Cairo

A five-hour flight to London or anywhere is a cakewalk these days. I used the time to catch-up on movies. Though I have never been a Beach Boys fan, Love & Mercy was powerful and made me appreciate Brian Wilson’s vision where he wanted to take the Beach Boys music. I have since researched Pet Sounds and listened to the album with a different set of ears. The depth of the layers of sounds is astonishing. 

On the other hand Amy, the story of Amy Winehouse was one I had been looking forward to. I was vaguely aware of her background and music, but had been curious about her since her death. The film featured quite a bit of archival and home movie footage to help paint a picture of her profoundly sad rise and demise. The movie should be shown to all aspiring fame seekers.

Your truly. Photo by David Ensminger 

Terminal 5 of Heathrow is one giant maze that leads to a shopping mall. Even the Cairo airport is more efficient. After a three-hour layover devoted to answering questions sent by Tom Murphy from Westword, it was a straight shot from London to Denver. The flight was mostly devoted to sleep and reading, A Wailing of A Town: An Early History of San Pedro Punk 1977-1985 by Craig Ibarra. The pages are packed full of info about bands such as The Minutemen and Descendents, infamous shows, venues, and a whole lot more. So far an excellent read.

18-hours later since leaving Cairo I’m at the counter of a car rental place. The counter person and his partner are laughing at my 13 year-old Nokia brick phone. He asked if it still worked. With a straight face I told him, “In every country except the United States, the best part is it can’t be traced by homeland security or the KGB.” He finished the paperwork in silence while I held in my laughter.

With Joe aka Spike

I rented a house in Capitol Hill near Cheeseman Park for David (editor), Sonny (designer) and I. I needed a larger space to prepare the artwork and package/ship orders. I also wanted a common space for us to spend some quality time together and figure out how the release party was going to unfold.

In the meantime, I did have a chance to jam with my buddy Martin Day at his apartment. He is a killer drummer that I always wanted play songs with. Had wine and cheese with my old college friend, Marta. Invited a handful of folks over to a casual evening of conversation. Otherwise most days (10 plus hours/day) were spent preparing artwork, hustling books, and other menial tasks.

Bryan Wendzel is your tropical home invader.  

David and Dan swapping war stories.

Sonny and Staci on the porch.

The day finally arrived for the event. Fast forward to the evening. Sonny and I hung about 100 drawings from the book. Jif Jiper showed up with the PA. People trickled in and swelled to over 150 throughout the evening. Jif played an acoustic set, The Frantix were up next and belted out a handful of classics. The Buckinghan Squares finished the night. It was the perfect trio. The two kegs emptied within 30 minutes of putting in the taps. Several family members and friends showed up, many whom I haven’t seen in dozens of years. In the end, it was everything I had hoped for.

Emcee duties. Photo by Joe Morgan  

Signing Jen's book. (note: her and her friend Cat are on back cover)
Photo by Joe Morgan.

Much love and appreciation to all who made it out and participated and supported the project. It felt surreal to actually hold the book in my hand and marvel at it. That moment didn’t come until I was on my way back to Egypt the following day. It is finally starting to sink in that I finally completed what I set out to do nearly 20 years ago. Thank you.

Plywood walls.

Making the art show happen

Colin and his adorable family showed up sporting the Chris Shary shirt collection. 

Jill and Jim. 

Frantix with Paul Dog

With Harry and Shawn

Buckingham Squares

Jif with the Squares

with Little Fyodor.

Paul Dickerson 

With Paul Dickerson and Headbanger. 

My ride home! Thanx Ben! 

With Paul Dog and Davey

The crowd. Photo by Oakland L. Childers 

Jif with my brother George in the green shirt. Photo by: Oakland L. Childers 

Frantix. Photo by: Oakland L. Childers 

You know, you can still order a copy or two (they make lovely gifts) and they will be sent out by my right hand man, Matt K. You can order directly here: http://bobrobart.bigcartel.com/product/denvoid-and-the-cowtown-punks-option-1 and receive free goodies or order through Amazon, Alternative Tentacles, Microcosm, and RevHQ. If you’re in the Denver/Boulder area check out Wax Trax, Mutiny Information Café, Kilgore Books, Twist and Shout, Black and Red, Albums on the Hill, Tattered Cover, Capitol Hill Bookstore, Red Letter Books, Trident Book Sellers, and more locations to be added soon.

Related articles:

Westword’s coverage of the show:

http://www.westword.com/music/scenes-from-a-denver-punk-reunion-at-mutiny-information-cafe-7237607

My interview in Westword:

http://www.westword.com/music/bob-rob-medina-describes-the-80s-denver-punk-scene-7220004

The morning after at the Mercury Cafe. Photo by Paul Dickerson.